proper congruence

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• Congruence (general relativity) — In general relativity, a congruence (more properly, a congruence of curves) is the set of integral curves of a (nowhere vanishing) vector field in a four dimensional Lorentzian manifold which is interpreted physically as a model of spacetime.… …   Wikipedia

• Congruence of squares — In number theory, a congruence of squares is a congruence commonly used in integer factorization algorithms. Derivation Given a positive integer n, Fermat s factorization method relies on finding numbers x, y satisfying the equality We can then… …   Wikipedia

• Ideal (ring theory) — In ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, an ideal is a special subset of a ring. The ideal concept allows the generalization in an appropriate way of some important properties of integers like even number or multiple of 3 . For instance, in… …   Wikipedia

• Modular arithmetic — In mathematics, modular arithmetic (sometimes called clock arithmetic) is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers wrap around after they reach a certain value the modulus. The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler pioneered the modern… …   Wikipedia

• Rindler coordinates — In relativistic physics, the Rindler coordinate chart is an important and useful coordinate chart representing part of flat spacetime, also called the Minkowski vacuum. The Rindler chart was introduced by Wolfgang Rindler. The Rindler coordinate… …   Wikipedia

• Raychaudhuri equation — In general relativity, Raychaudhuri s equation is a fundamental result describing the motion of nearby bits of matter.The equation is important as a fundamental lemma for the Penrose Hawking singularity theorems and for the study of exact… …   Wikipedia

• Born coordinates — / ) are time like curves with fixed R .In relativistic physics, the Born coordinate chart is a coordinate chart for (part of) Minkowski spacetime, the flat spacetime of special relativity. It is often used to analyze the physical experience of… …   Wikipedia

• mathematics — /math euh mat iks/, n. 1. (used with a sing. v.) the systematic treatment of magnitude, relationships between figures and forms, and relations between quantities expressed symbolically. 2. (used with a sing. or pl. v.) mathematical procedures,… …   Universalium

• π-calculus — In theoretical computer science, the π calculus (or pi calculus) is a process calculus originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker as a continuation of work on the process calculus CCS (Calculus of Communicating Systems) …   Wikipedia

• Pi-calculus — In theoretical computer science, the pi calculus is a process calculus originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker as a continuation of work on the process calculus CCS (Calculus of Communicating Systems). The aim of the …   Wikipedia

• Mathematics of general relativity — For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to mathematics of general relativity. General relativity Introduction Mathematical formulation Resources …   Wikipedia